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As adjectives, past participles in Spanish are used to describe something or someone’s characteristics. However, in this case, the past participle needs to agree with the noun in gender and number. 'Abierta' is an irregular past participle and it describes a singular feminine noun (tienda).

When combined with the verb ‘haber’, past participles are used to build Spanish compound tenses. -IR regular participles are built by adding ‘-ido’ to the stem. However, if like in this case, the stem ends with a vowel, you need to add an accent mark to -ído.

When combined with ‘haber’, past participles are used to conjugate compound tenses. Since in this case they’re not adjectives, los pasados participios don’t need to agree in gender and number with the noun. Puesto is the irregular past participle of ‘poner’.

The past participle for regular -AR verbs is formed by adding ‘-ado’  to the verb stem. In this case, probado is used to build compound tenses.

To form past participles for regular -ER verbs, you need to add - ‘ido’ to the verb stem. As a result, 'tenido' is the past participle form of ‘tener’.

In this case, the past participle is working as an adjective since it’s describing how the party was. La fiesta is a feminine singular noun, as a result, 'aburrida' is the correct past participle for this case.

In this example, the past participle is providing information about Caroline and Peter’s feelings. Since it’s working as an adjective, we need to make sure that it agrees in number and gender with the noun. “Caroline and Peter” is a plural, mixed group, so in this case, enojados is the corresponding past participle.

Regular -ER participles are built by adding ‘-ido’ to the stem. But since in this case our stem (‘le’) ends with a vowel, we need to add an accent mark to the participle ending. As a result, leído is the past participle form of ‘leer’.

‘Ocupar’ has a regular past participle. This means that you only need to remove the -AR ending and add the corresponding ending. Keep in mind that, in this case, the past participle is acting as an adjective (busy), but this is synonymous with ‘occupied’. So, since we’re talking about a group of women, we need to use ocupadas.

Spanish present perfect helps you express how many times you have done something. He is the conjugation of ‘haber’ for the first person singular (yo). Visto is the irregular past participle of ‘ver’.

To conjugate reflexive verbs, such as ‘mudarse’ to the present perfect tense, you always need to place the reflexive pronoun before ‘haber’. In this case, we’re talking about a group of people, so ‘haber’ will be conjugated to the third person plural (han).

Spanish present perfect is used to talk about past actions that have not ended. At this moment, Sue hasn’t said anything to Rosy, but she still has the opportunity to do so. Has is the conjugation for ‘tú’ and ‘dicho’ is the past participle form of ‘decir’.

Presente perfecto is used to talk about actions that started at some point in the past and that still continue in the present. By using present perfect in our example, we’re implying that Hanna started living in that place at some point in the past and still lives there. Ha is the conjugation for the third person singular and vivido is the past participle for ‘vivir’.

Todavía is a time marker that triggers the Spanish present perfect tense. This is because ‘todavía’ implies that an action is still relevant to the present or that it isn’t over yet. Our example expresses that, for some reason, Jossie hasn’t had breakfast, but she will at some point.

Present perfect in Spanish is built with haber + past participle. When using a reflexive verb, you need to place the reflexive pronoun before ‘haber’. Make sure to choose the correct pronoun for the subject of the sentence. Since we’re addressing Nancy (tú), we need to use the reflexive pronoun te.

To create the Spanish present perfect, you need to use the formula haber + past participle. Since in this example the subject is a group of people, we need to use the third person plural conjugation han. ‘Hablado’ is the past participle form of ‘hablar’. 

When using Spanish present perfect, we’re implying that an action has not ended yet. By using this tense, we’re expressing that the action is not completed because Molly hasn’t opened her presents. Abierto is the irregular participle form of ‘abrir’.

We use ‘presente perfecto’ to talk or ask about a person’s past experiences. In this case, we use this tense because the action of creating new experiences is not over yet. Han is the conjugation of ‘haber’ for the third person plural and hecho is the irregular past participle form of ‘hacer’.

Ver is a verb with spelling changes. This is reflected in its gerund form viendo. Notice that the fact that the subject is plural (Susana and I) doesn’t affect the conjugation of ‘ver’.

Seguir + gerund is used to talk about actions that are still being performed or will keep happening. -yendo is the gerund ending for verbs that have a vowel before their ending (just like ‘leer’).

-iendo is the gerund ending for -IR verbs. As a result, ‘viviendo’ is the gerund of ‘vivir’. Notice that the structure llevar + gerund is used to explain how long an action has been performed.

When working with reflexive verbs such as bañarse, the reflexive pronoun can be attached to the gerund bañándose. Notice that the reflexive pronoun needs to match the subject of the action. In this case, ‘se’ is the reflexive pronoun for the third person singular (Saúl).

-ando is the gerund ending for -AR verbs. So, cocinando is the gerund form of ‘cocinar’. Unlike other conjugations, gerunds don’t need to match the gender and number of the subject.

Yendo is the irregular gerund of ‘ir’. Since we’re working with the reflexive verb ‘irse’, we can place the pronoun before the conjugated verb (estar). When working with pronouns and gerunds, the pronoun can be attached to the gerund or before the conjugated verb just like we did in this case.

 -iendo is the gerund ending for -IR verbs. Since decir has spelling changes (‘e’ changes to ‘i’, the gerund will be diciendo. Notice that, despite the subject being plural, diciendo remains the same.

We use gerunds to talk about continuous or progressive actions. In this case, the action of Marianne studying Spanish is still occurring. -ando is the gerund ending for -AR verbs.

When working with gerunds, you can conjugate ‘estar’ to any tense that you need. Preguntando is the gerund for ‘preguntar’.

Even though it’s translated as ‘to be’, in Spanish, we use the verb tener to talk about a person’s age. In the previous example, we’re asking about Lucia’s age, as a result, we need to conjugate the verb ‘tener’ in the third person singular: tiene.

Tener is also used to talk about possessions and belongings. As a result, we use ‘tiene’ to express that Tyler has two dogs. In this case, ‘tener’ is translated as ‘to have’.

The verb ‘tener’ is also used to talk about feelings and some physical conditions such as hunger and fear. The literal translation in English would be ‘I have hunger’ (to have) instead of ‘I am hungry’ (to be). Notice that in this case, ‘tener’ is translated as ‘to be’ and tengo is the correct conjugation for ‘yo’.

As the direct translation of ‘to have’, tener is used to build many expressions and idioms. In this case, tener una idea expresses that a person possesses or conceives an idea. Notice that tiene is the proper conjugation for ‘tú’.

Since it expresses possession, we conjugate ‘tener’ in the imperfect tense to talk about Jonathan’s past belongings. Remember that the imperfect tense allows you to describe contexts or situations in the past. Tenía is the conjugation of the third person singular (Jonathan) in the imperfect tense.

Just like ‘to have’ in English, in Spanish, we use ‘tener’ to talk about duties and obligations. Since my mom and I (we) are plural, we use the form tenemos. Notice that we indicate our duties with a second verb (to prepare dinner). 

In Spanish, tener que describes a person’s obligations. As a result, in this context, ‘tener que’ means ‘to have to’. Notice that in the previous example we’re talking about Ashley in a very specific moment in the past, therefore, you need to conjugate ‘tener’ in the preterite tense.

Tenido is the past participle form of ‘tener’. As a result, we use it to build compound tenses (present perfect and past perfect subjunctive. Notice that tenido remains the same no matter what subject you’re conjugating and it can be translated as ‘had’.

This example talks about the future obligations and duties that I need to do. As a result, you need to conjugate the verb ‘tener’ in the future tense. Tendré is the corresponding conjugation for ‘yo’.

In Spanish, ‘tener’ is used to talk about someone’s feelings or physical states (hunger, fear, sleepiness, cold, etc). Notice that in this example we’re ordering or suggesting Clara to not be afraid. Therefore, you need to use the negative imperative no tengas.

‘Tener’ is used to express people’s age. In this context, we always conjugate ‘tener’ in the imperfect tense since age is just background information. Tenía is the conjugation for the first person singular (yo).

‘Ojalá que’ requires you to use the Spanish subjunctive since it expresses wishes and hopes. In this example we’re talking about what we wish the restaurant (singular) to have, as a result, you need to use the third person singular present subjunctive conjugation: tenga.

‘Tener que’ expresses obligation and duties. Notice that the expression ‘el año que viene’ (next year) indicates that you need to conjugate the verb in the future tense. Since Alicia is a third person singular, tendrá is the correct answer for this sentence.

Although it’s translated as ‘to be’, in Spanish, we use tener to talk about feelings such as fear, sleepiness and hunger. I use tiene to express that ‘my sister has a fear of spiders’.

In Spanish, when talking about meeting or being acquainted with someone, we use the verb conocer. In this example, conoces is the conjugation of ‘tú’.

Saber is used to express that a person has some knowledge about a certain topic or situation. In this case, the directions to Leah’s house. Saben is the correct conjugation for ustedes.

In Spanish, sabemos can be used to explain the degree of knowledge that a person has on certain subjects such as languages. You can measure this knowledge with intensifiers such as mucho, poco, nada.

Conocer is used to talk about the places or people that you know or have visited. Since in this example we’re referring to Mexico, you need to use the verb conocer. Notice that in the first person singular, conocer has some conjugation irregularities. 

In Spanish, saber is also used to express people’s abilities or capabilities to do something. In this case, making cookies. Sabe is the present conjugation for Él and Ella.

When asking if people know or are aware of certain information (the owner of the package), we use the verb saber. Sabes is the present tense conjugation for tú. 

When referring to places or people we know, you need to use the verb conocer. Conociste is the preterite conjugation for tú.

Saber can be also used to ask if people are aware or know certain information. In this example, we want to know if Charlie knew about the Spanish quiz. We use imperfect tense because it’s not clear if the quiz already took place. 

When talking about knowing celebrities, we use the verb saber since ‘conocer’ expresses that you actually have met this person. If you actually met Brad Pitt, you can use conocer.

In addition to expressing knowledge, saber is also used to talk about people’s abilities or capabilities to do something. As a result, when expressing that Elizabeth is able to cook very well, we use the verb saber.